What are the five factors that influence the degree to which a substance is harmful or toxic

Toxicity of a substance can be affected by many different factors, such as the pathway of administration (whether the toxicant is applied to the skin, ingested, inhaled, injected), the time of exposure (a brief encounter or long term), the number of exposures (a single dose or multiple doses over time), the physical …

What are the 5 factors that can affect toxicity?

• Form and innate chemical activity.
• Dosage , especially dose -time relationship.
• Exposure route.
• Species.
• Life stage, such as infant, young adult, or elderly adult.
• Gender.
• Ability to be absorbed.
• Metabolism.

Which of the following influences the distribution of a toxicant?

Redistribution of Toxicants The most critical factors that affect the distribution of xenobiotics are the organ blood flow and its affinity for a xenobiotic.

What are the factors that influence the degree to which a substance is harmful or toxic?

The toxicity of a substance depends on three factors: its chemical structure, the extent to which the substance is absorbed by the body, and the body’s ability to detoxify the substance (change it into less toxic substances) and eliminate it from the body.

What determines toxicity of a drug?

Drug toxicity may occur when a person has consumed a dose of a drug that is too high for them to handle. It may also occur when the person’s liver and/or kidneys are unable to function properly and get the drug out of the bloodstream. This can cause it to build up over time until it starts to cause problems.

How do you think chemicals in household products affect a person's health?

Inhaling paint fumes can result in headaches, nausea, dizziness and fatigue. Most of these symptoms go away once you go out into fresh air. However, frequent exposure to these chemicals in the presence of poor air circulation can cause kidney, liver and blood problems.

What is drug toxicity?

Toxicity refers to how poisonous or harmful a substance can be. In the context of pharmacology, drug toxicity occurs when a person has accumulated too much of a drug in his bloodstream, leading to adverse effects on the body.

What is the precaution for an irritant?

Personal protection: Safety clothing (e.g. gloves and barrier creams) can reduce skin contact with irritants, but it is better to protect both the skin and clothing likely to come into contact with the substance.

Which factor determines whether a liquid is flammable or not?

The factor that determines whether or not a liquid is flammable is the classification of their flashpoints, which is the lowest temperature at which the liquid will produce enough vapor to start burning.

What are the three major ways for the removal of toxicant from body?

Toxicants are removed from the systemic circulation by biotransformation, excretion, and storage at various sites in the body.

Article first time published on

How does route of exposure influence toxicity?

Routes of Exposure. Natural barriers impede the intake and distribution of material once in the body. These barriers can attenuate the toxic effects of the same dose of a chemical. The effectiveness of these barriers is partially dependent upon the route of entry of the chemical.

What are the types of toxicity?

Types. There are generally five types of toxic entities; chemical, biological, physical, radiation and behavioural toxicity: Disease-causing microorganisms and parasites are toxic in a broad sense but are generally called pathogens rather than toxicants.

What are effects of drug toxicity?

Behaviorally, drug toxicity can be exhibited in a variety of ways, for example, decreases in locomotor activity, loss of motor coordination, cognitive impairment. Examples of physiological effects include lesions to tissue, neuronal death, and disrupted hormonal cycles.

What are the two types of toxicity?

The two types of toxicity are acute and chronic. Acute toxicity of a pesticide refers to the chemical’s ability to cause injury to a person or animal from a single exposure, generally of short duration. The four routes of exposure are dermal (skin), inhalation (lungs), oral (mouth), and eyes.

What is toxic effects in pharmacology?

noun. an adverse effect of a drug produced by an exaggeration of the effect that produces the theraputic response.

What is a toxic reaction?

Toxic Reactions are physical reactions resulting from exposure to a poisonous chemical. Examples include Drug and Substance Abuse.

What is an example of toxicity?

Examples of highly toxic chemicals include: hydrazine, mercuric chloride, osmium tetroxide, white or red phosphorus, sodium azide, and sodium cyanide. The median lethal dose (LD50) for a dangerously toxic chemicals is oral rat LD50 of less than 1 mg/kg of body weight.

What does toxic mean in science terms?

Toxicity: The degree to which a substance (a toxin or poison) can harm humans or animals. Acute toxicity involves harmful effects in an organism through a single or short-term exposure.

How do cleaning products affect the environment?

Commercial use of cleaning products affect the indoor and outdoor environment and can lead to pollution and waste. … Air Pollution – Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in cleaning products can affect indoor air quality and add to outdoor smog. Plus, transportation leads to carbon emissions from trucks.

What household products can be harmful to your health?

• Non-Stick Cookware. …
• Flea and Tick Products. …
• Mothballs. …
• Air Fresheners. …
• Oven Cleaner. …
• Furniture Polish and Stain. …
• Toilet Bowl Cleaner. …
• Gas Space Heaters.

What are the three most common substances that produce personal injuries?

The top five chemicals associated with injury were carbon monoxide (2,364), ammonia (1,153), chlorine (763), hydrochloric acid (326), and sulfuric acid (318). Carbon monoxide and ammonia by far caused the most injuries, deaths, and evacuations.

What is a Class 4 flammable liquid?

Category 4 shall include liquids having flashpoints above 140 °F (60 °C) and at or below 199.4 °F (93 °C).

What are considered flammable liquids?

• Examples: gasoline, acetone, toluene, diethyl ether, alcohols.
• Hazard: May produce ignitable vapors at normal ambient temperatures.

What temperature is considered flammable?

Under the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) 1988, flammable liquids have a flashpoint below 37.8°C (100°F). Combustible liquids have a flashpoint at or above 37.8°C (100°F) and below 93.3°C (200°F). Flammable and combustible liquids are present in almost every workplace.

What 4 things are essential to controlling exposure to toxic substances?

This equipment may include respiratory protection, goggles, face shield, and chemical protective clothing, such as an apron and gloves made from materials that protect against the chemicals being handled. Be aware of the typical symptoms of an overexposure and appropriate first aid procedures.

What are the materials that are considered harmful?

• Asbestos-containing materials (ACM) …
• Mercury-containing devices.
• Lead-based paint.
• PCBs in caulk.
• Household hazardous waste.
• Light systems. …
• Mold.
• Refrigerant-containing appliances.

What substances irritate the skin?

• Soap. Excessive hand washing, using soap and water, strips the skin of its natural oils and can result in “dishpan hands.” At first, it may look like dry, chapped skin. …
• Household Cleaners. …
• Fabric Dryer Sheets. …
• Clothing. …
• Heat. …
• Latex. …
• Fragrances. …
• Facial Creams.

What are the 4 routes of exposure?

In order to understand how chemical hazards can affect you, it is important to first understand how chemicals can get into your body and do damage. The four main routes of entry are inhalation, ingestion, injection, and absorption through the skin and eyes.

How are toxins removed from the body?

Digestive System can detoxify by eliminating toxic foods, by either vomiting or diarrhea. Kidneys detoxify by secreting toxins or filtering toxins out of the blood into urine. Liver detoxifies by changing the chemical nature of many toxins. Kidney and liver are especially important.

How do you remove toxins from your brain?

The bottom line. If you’re looking to detox your brain, prioritize getting plenty of sleep and exercising regularly. Both of these will bolster up your brain’s built-in detoxification system.

What chemicals that affect certain body organs?

Organ/ SystemExposure Examplesrespiratoryasbestos, radon, cigarette smoke, gluesskindioxin, nickel, arsenic, mercury, cement (chromium), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), glues, rubber cementlivercarbon tetrachloride, methylene chloride, vinyl chloride